Author: Rebuffi, Pierre, 1487-1557, ed
Image Title: Coins of Europe
Description: Various coins of the sixteenth century which circulated in Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, ranging in value from forty to sixty French sous tournois. The first three coins in the upper left are ducats of Valencia, Bologna, and Florence, and they contain portraits of (respectively) King Ferdinand II of Aragon, the apostle Peter (holding a book and a crossed key), and John the Baptist. The next ducat features the name of Manuel I, king of Portugal and the Algarve (r. 1495-1521). The next two are coins of the County of Flanders called riddes and lions, and they contain the arms of Burgundy. The right column is dominated by coins of Flanders and Spain which feature Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's titles and his many-quartered coat of arms. Finally, the bottom two coins of this column are écus, or crowns, of Savoy and Venice, and they feature, respectively, the names of Duke Emmanuel Philibert (r. 1553-1580) and Doge Andrea Gritti (r. 1523-1538).
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